"It has been shown that there are two geometries of the [scanning optical] microscope, which have been designated Type 1 and Type 2. ... those of Type 2 (confocal microscopes) ... "
CJR Sheppard, A Choudhury, Optica Acta, 24, 1051-1073 (1977)
(First use of term "confocal microscope" in a journal article.)
A. 1. Wilson T, Sheppard CJR (1984) Theory and Practice of Scanning Optical Microscopy (Academic Press, London) 213pp. ISBN 0 12 757760 2 First book on confocal microscopy A. 2. Sheppard CJR, Shotton D (1997) Confocal laser scanning microscopy (Bios, Oxford; Springer, New York; Springer, Singapore) 106pp. ISBN 1 872748 72 4 C. 7. Sheppard CJR (1987) Scanning optical microscopy, in Advances in Optical and Electron Microscopy, 10, 1-98, R. Barer and V.E. Cosslett, eds, Academic Press, London. ISBN 0 12 029910 0
F. 4. Sheppard, C.J.R., Scanning Optical Microscope (1977) OUEL Report No. 1220/77. F. 5. Kompfner, R., Sheppard, C.J.R., Walsh, D., Choudhury, A., Gannaway, J.N., Hale, P.G. (1977) Applications of quantum electronics, Part 1: The scanning optical microscope, OUEL Report No. 1183/77. D. 11. Sheppard CJR (1978) The scanning optical microscope, Laser und Elektro-optik, No. 2, 46-48. D. 15. Sheppard CJR (1978) The scanning optical microscope, The Physics Teacher 16, 648-651. Reproduced in SPIE Milestone Series MS-131, Selected reprints on Confocal microscopy, BR Masters, ed. ISBN 0-8194-2376-6, pp 109-112 D. 22. Sheppard CJR, Wilson T (1979) Effect of spherical aberration on the imaging properties of scanning optical microscopes, Appl. Opt. 18, 1058-1063. First published confocal transmission images Reproduced in SPIE Milestone Series MS-131, Selected reprints on Confocal microscopy, BR Masters, ed. ISBN 0-8194-2376-6, pp 236-241 C. 4. Sheppard CJR (1980) Imaging modes of scanning optical microscopy, Rank Prize Funds Int. Symp. on Scanned Image Microscopy, in Scanned Image Microscopy, Academic Press, E. A. Ash, ed., pp. 201-225. ISBN 0 12 065180 7 D. 29. Sheppard CJR (1980) Scanning optical microscope, Electronics and Power, Feb., pp.166-172. Confocal reflection images Reproduced in SPIE Milestone Series MS-131, Selected reprints on Confocal microscopy, BR Masters, ed. ISBN 0-8194-2376-6, pp 113-119 D. 36. Hamilton DK, Wilson T, Sheppard CJR (1981) Experimental observations of the depth-discrimination properties of scanning microscopes, Opt. Letts.6, 625-626. We present experimental confirmation of the predicted improved depth-discrimination properties of confocal microscopy in which detail outside of the focal plane is rejected from the image. This optical sectioning is of direct importance to the microscopy of thick biological tissue. It is shown that detail that is imaged efficiently in a confocal microscope will be in focus. D. 37. Sheppard CJR (1981) Scanning optical microscopy at Oxford University, IEE Digest No: 1981/85. E.11. Sheppard CJR (1982) Applications of scanning optical microscopy, SPIE Meeting on Microscopy - Techniques and Capabilities, London,1982, Proc. SPIE 368, 88-95. D. 45. Sheppard CJR, Hamilton DK, Cox, IJ (1983) Optical microscopy with extended depth of field, Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 387, 171-186. A method is described that allows depth of field in optical microscopy to be extended, in principle without limit, while high-resolution, diffraction-limited imaging is retained. Experimentally, an extension of more than two orders of magnitude has been achieved. The images are found to be of high optical quality, and this is born out by theoretical predictions. The resolution is shown theoretically to be similar to that in a conventional microscope of the same numerical aperture, and for some criteria an improvement is obtained. Presents the defocused coherent transfer function for a confocal reflection microscope. D. 46. Cox IJ, Sheppard CJR (1983) Digital image processing of confocal images, Image and Vision Computing 1, 52-56. First confocal microscope with digital storage. Proposes confocal maximum projection (autofocus) method. First published confocal stereo pairs. In a confocal imaging system, the image is built up point by point and is therefore well suited for image digitization and processing. A confocal system also allows range information to be obtained which facilitates an understanding of the 3D structure of the object. The results of several digital image processing techniques applied to images from a confocal scanning optical microscope are presented. Reproduced in SPIE Milestone Series MS-131, Selected reprints on Confocal microscopy, BR Masters, ed. ISBN 0-8194-2376-6, pp 256-260 D. 47. Sheppard CJR, Hamilton DK (1983) High resolution stereoscopic imaging, App. Opt. 22, 886-887. In the usual method of stereoscopic imaging by observation at two different angles the resolution obtainable is poor. By imaging in a confocal scanning optical microscope with two different angles of observation the resolution is substantially improved. D. 48. Cox IJ, Sheppard CJR (1983) Scanning optical microscope incorporating a digital framestore and microcomputer, Appl. Opt. 22, 1474-1478. D. 61. Sheppard CJR (1986) Scanning methods in optical microscopy, Endeavour, New Series 10, 17-19 (and cover).
D. 71. Sheppard CJR (1986) Les microscopes optiques ouvrent la voie aux posibilites passionnantes, Microtechnic 3, 65-66. D. 72. Sheppard CJR (1986) Scanned imagery, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 19, 2077- 2084. D. 74. Sheppard CJR (1986) New possibilities with optical microscopes, Laboratory News 29-30. D. 75. Sheppard CJR (1987) Scanning optical microscopy and its applications in materials science, Materials Forum 10, 94-103. D. 77. Sheppard CJR, Matthews HJ (1988) The extended focus, auto-focus and surface profiling techniques of confocal microscopy, J. Modern Optics 35, 145-154. D. 82. Sheppard CJR, Mao XQ (1988) Confocal Microscopes with slit apertures, J. Mod. Opt. 35, 1169-1185. Reproduced in SPIE Milestone Series MS-131, Selected reprints on Confocal microscopy, BR Masters, ed. ISBN 0-8194-2376-6, pp 124-140 Distinction between coherent and incoherent line sources. Signal level in confocal microscope with slit detector. Also theory of direct view (tandem scanning) microscope. Shows cross-talk between holes leads to background on large defocus. Also experimental results. E.18. Sheppard CJR (1989) Confocal Microscopy of Thick Structures, International Conf. on 3-D Image Processing in Microscopy, Giessen, European J. Cell Biology, Suppl. 25, 48, 33-34. E.21. Cogswell CJ, Sheppard CJR (1989) Imaging using confocal brightfield techniques, Institute of Physics Conference Series No. 98, 14, 633-638. E.22. Sheppard CJR, Cogswell CJ (1990) Optimization of the confocal microscope system, Micro 90, London, 2-6 July,Trans. RMS. 1, 231-234, H. Elder, ed.; Hilger, Bristol. ISBN 0 7503 0064 7 E.24. Cogswell CJ, Hamilton DK, Sheppard CJR (1990) Full-colour confocal reflection imaging using red, green and blue lasers with an on-axis scanning microscope, Micro 90, London, 2-6 July,Trans. RMS 1, 267-270, H. Elder, ed.; Hilger, Bristol. ISBN 0 7503 0064 7 C. 8. Sheppard CJR, Cogswell CJ (1990) Confocal microscopy of biological specimens, 2nd Int. Symp. for Science on Form, Tsukuba, September 1988, in Science on Form, S. Ishizaka, ed., pp. 61-80, KTK Scientific Publishers, Tokyo. ISBN 4 87677 103 0 C. 11. Cogswell CJ, Sheppard CJR (1990) Confocal brightfield imaging techniques using an on-axis scanning optical microscope, in Confocal Microscopy, T. Wilson, ed. Academic Press, London, pp. 213-243. ISBN 0 12 757270 8 C. 4. Cogswell CJ, Sheppard CJR, Confocal brightfield microscopy in biology, International Conference on Optics in Life Sciences, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany,12-16 August 1990, in Optics in Medicine, Biology and Environmental Research, G. von Bally and S. Khanna, eds., Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp.316-319 (1993). ISBN 0 444 89860 3 D. 90. Cogswell CJ, Sheppard CJR, Moss CC, Howard CV (1990) A method for evaluating microscope objectives to optimise performance of confocal systems, J. Microsc. 158, 177-186. D. 96. Sheppard CJR (1990) 15 years of scanning optical microscopy at Oxford, EMAG-Micro '89, London 1989, Proc. RMS 25, 319-321. Reproduced in SPIE Milestone Series MS-131, Selected reprints on Confocal microscopy, BR Masters, ed. ISBN 0-8194-2376-6, pp 18-21 C. 15. Sheppard CJR (1991) Scanning optical microscopy, Encyclopedia of Human Biology, 6 747-754, Academic Press, San Diego. D. 110. Cogswell CJ, Hamilton DK, Sheppard CJR (1992) Colour reflection microscopy using red, green and blue lasers, J. Microsc. 165, 103-117.
E.40. Sheppard CJR (1993) The influence of confocal microscope design on imaging performance, 51st Annual Meeting of the Microscopy Society of America, Cincinnati, Proceedings, Bailey GW and Rieder CL, eds., San Francisco Press, 144-145 ISSN 0424 8201 C. 17. Sheppard CJR (1994) Confocal microscopy: basic principles and system performance. Computer Assisted Multidimensional Microscopies, Cheng PC ed., Springer-Verlag, New York, pp.1-32. C. 18. Sheppard CJR (1992) Confocal microscopy principles, practice and options. Fluorescent Probes for Biological Activity of Living Cells - A Practical Guide, Mason WT, Relf G eds, Academic Press, London, pp. 229-236. ISBN 0 12 477829 1 C. 19. Sheppard CJR (1994) The optics of confocal microscopy, in Current Trends in Optics, JC Dainty, ed. Academic Press, London, pp.225-232. ISBN 0 12 200720 4 C. 21. Sheppard CJR (1994) Progress in confocal microscopy and its application, Third International Conference on Optics Within Life Sciences OWLS III, Tokyo, 10-14 April 1994, Optical Methods in Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, H.Ohzu and S. Komatsu, eds., Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 91-94. ISBN 0 444 81817 0 F. 24. Sheppard CJR (1998) Confocal Microscopy, Analytical Testing Technology, No. 17, May/June, pp28-37 C. 25. Sheppard CJR (1999) Confocal microscopy - principles, practice and options, in Fluorescent and Luminescent Probes, 2nd. ed., WT Mason, ed., Academic Press, London, pp.303-309. ISBN 0 12 447836 0
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