3 Microscopy

3.3 Phase contrast, dark field and polarization microscopy

3.5 Microscopy of electronic devices

3.1 Near-field microscopy

D. 161. Kompfner R, Sheppard CJR, Walsh D, Choudhury A, Gannaway JN, Hale PG (1994) The scanning optical microscope (extracts on near-field microscopy). From a 1975 report, Scanning 16, 327-332

Early (1975) experiments and theory of near-field microscopy.

D. 163. Sheppard CJR, Fatemi H, Gu Min (1995) The Fourier optics of near-field microscopy, Scanning, 17, 28-40

Reproduced in SPIE Milestone Series MS-172, Selected reprints on Near-Field Optics, S Jutamulia, ed. ISBN 0-8194-4655-6

D. 183. Török P, Sheppard CJR, Varga P (1996) Study of evanescent waves for transmission near-field optical microscopy, J. Mod. Opt., 43, 1167-1183

C. 29. Sheppard CJR, Fatemi H (1999) Optical fibre probe microscopy, in Focus on Multidimensional Microscopy, Vol. 1, PC Cheng, PP Hwang,JL Wu, G Wang, H Kim, eds., World Scientific. ISBN 981 02 3991 2

D. 242. Sheppard CJR, Aguilar JF (2001) Evanescent fields do contribute to the far field (J. Mod. Opt. 1999 Vol. 46, 729) - comment, J. Mod. Opt., 48, 177-180

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3.2 4Pi and theta microscopy

C. 13. Sheppard CJR, Cogswell CJ, Reflection and transmission confocal microscopy, International Conference on Optics in Life Sciences, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany, 12-16 August 1990, in Optics in Medicine, Biology and Environmental Research, G. von Bally and S. Khanna, eds., Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp.310-315 (1993). ISBN 0 444 89860 3

4Pi microscopy proposed. 3-D transfer function described.

D. 109. Sheppard CJR, Gong Y (1991) Improvement in axial resolution by interference confocal microscopy", Optik 87, 129-132.

D. 141. Gu M, Sheppard CJR (1994) Three-dimensional transfer functions in 4Pi confocal microscopes, J. Opt. Soc. Amer. A 11, 1619-1627.

D. 162. Gu M, Sheppard CJR (1995) Optical transfer function analysis for two-photon 4Pi confocal fluorescence microscopy, Opt. Commun. 114, 45-49

D. 172. Sheppard CJR (1995) Fundamental reduction of the observation volume in far-field light microscopy by detection orthogonal to the illumination axis: confocal theta microscopy- Comments, Opt. Commun., 119, 693-695

E.54. Gu M, Sheppard CJR (1995) 3-D transfer function description for 4Pi confocal microscopy, Focus on Microscopy '95, Taipei, Taiwan, 18-20 April 1995, Zoological Studies 34, Suppl.1, 96-98

C. 31. Gu M, Sheppard CJR (1999) 3-D transfer function description for 4Pi confocal microscopy, in Focus on Multidimensional Microscopy, Vol. 2, PC Cheng, PP Hwang,JL Wu, G Wang, H Kim, eds., World Scientific. ISBN 981 02 3992 0

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3.3 Phase contrast, dark field and polarization microscopy

E.8. Wilson T, Sheppard CJR (1979) Phase imaging in scanning optical microscopes, Annual meeting of OSA, Rochester 1979, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 69, 1443.

E.10. Wilson T, Sheppard CJR (1980) Coded apertures and detectors for optical differentiation, Int. Optical Computing Conference, Washington DC, Proc. SPIE 232, 203-209.

D. 28. Sheppard CJR, Wilson T (1980) Fourier imaging of phase information in conventional and scanning microscopes, Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. A 295, 513-536.

D. 35. Sheppard CJR, Wilson T (1981) The halo effect of image processing by spatial frequency filtering, Optik 56, 19-23.

D. 49. Hamilton DK, Sheppard CJR (1984) Differential phase contrast in scanning optical microscopy, J. Microsc. 133, 27-39.

First high resolution demonstration of differential phase contrast.

D. 57. Hamilton DK, Sheppard CJR, Wilson T (1984) Improved imaging of phase gradients in scanning optical microscopy, Journal of Microscopy 153, 275-286.

D. 59. Wilson T, Carlini AR, Sheppard CJR (1985) Phase contrast microscopy by nearly full illumination, Optik 70, 166-169.

D. 60. Wilson T, Sheppard CJR (1985) Imaging of birefringent objects in scanning microscopes, Applied Optics 24, 2081-2084.

D. 85. Sheppard CJR, Hamilton DK, Matthews HJ (1988) Scanning optical microscopy of low contrast samples, Nature 334, 572.

Demonstration of phase imaging of monomolecular films.

E.23. Cogswell CJ, Sheppard CJR (1990) Confocal Nomarski differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy, Micro 90, London, 2-6 July,Trans RMS 1, 251-255, H. Elder, ed.; Hilger, Bristol. ISBN 0 7503 0064 7

First demonstration of confocal Nomarski microscopy.

E.25. Cogswell CJ, Sheppard CJR (1991) Visualization of 3-D phase structure in confocal and conventional microscopy, Proc. SPIE. 1450, 323-328

D. 111. Cogswell CJ, Sheppard CJR (1992) Confocal differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy: including a theoretical analysis of conventional and confocal DIC imaging, J. Microsc. 165, 81-101.

Theory and experiment of DIC and confocal DIC.

E.33. Sheppard CJR, Cogswell CJ (1992) Image formation in video-enhanced and confocal DIC microscopy, International Conference on Phase Contrast and Differential Interference Contrast, Warsaw, Poland, Proc. SPIE 1846, 64-71.

Theory of video-enhanced DIC.

D. 185. Török P, Sheppard CJR, Laczik Z(1996) Dark-field and differential phase contrast imaging modes in confocal microscopy using a half-aperture stop, Optik, 103, 101-106

D. 186. Török P, Sheppard CJR, Laczik Z (1996) The effect of lateral misalignment of the half-stop in dark-field and stereoscopic confocal microscope, Appl. Opt., 35, 6732-6739

E.58. Sheppard CJR, Török P (1996) Vectorial theory of confocal fluorescence, Conference on three-dimensional microscopy: image acquisition and processing III, San Jose, 30 January-1 February 1996, Proc. SPIE, 2655, 26-33

D. 199. Sheppard CJR, Török P (1997) An electromagnetic theory of imaging in fluorescence microscopy, and imaging in polarization fluorescence microscopy, Bioimaging, 5, 1-14

D. 259. Sheppard CJR (2002) Three-dimensional phase imaging with the intensity transport equation, Appl. Opt. 41, 5951-5955

D. 270. Arnison MR, Larkin KG, Sheppard CJR, Smith NI, Cogswell CJ (2004) Linear phase imaging using differential interference microscopy, J. Microscopy, 214, 7-12

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3.4 Optical fibre microscopes

D. 101. Gu M, Sheppard CJR, Gan X (1991) Image formation in a fibre optical confocal scanning microscope, J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 8, 1755-1761.

D. 102. Gu M, Sheppard CJR (1991) Signal level of the fibre optical confocal scanning microscope, J. Mod. Opt. 38, 1621-1630

D. 106. Gu M, Gan X, Sheppard CJR (1991) Three-dimensional coherent transfer functions in fibre optical confocal scanning microscopes, J. Opt. Soc. Am A., 8, 1019-1025.

D. 119. Gan X, Gu M, Sheppard CJR (1992) Fluorescent image formation in the fibre-optical confocal scanning microscope, J. Mod. Optics, 39, 825-834.

D. 120. Gu Min, Sheppard CJR (1992) Three-dimensional optical transfer function in the fibre-optical confocal scanning microscope using annular lenses, J. Opt. Soc. Amer.A 9, 1991-1999.

D. 123. Gu M, Sheppard CJR (1992) Axial resolution in the fibre-optical confocal scanning microscope using annular lenses. Opt. Commun. 88, 27-32.

D. 129. Gu M, Sheppard CJR (1992) Image of a straight edge in fibre-optical confocal scanning microscopy. Opt. Commun. 94, 485-490.

D. 133. Gu M, Sheppard CJR (1993) Fibre-optical confocal scanning interference microscopy. Opt. Commun. 100, 79-86.

D. 142. Gu Min and Sheppard CJR (1993) Experimental investigation of fibre-optical confocal scanning microscopy, including a comparison with pinhole detection, Micron 24, 557-565.

D. 157. Sheppard CJR, Gu M (1994) Imaging performance of confocal fluorescence microscopes with finite-sized source J. Mod. Opt. 41, 1521-1530.

D. 184. Zhou H, Gu M, Sheppard CJR (1996) A compact confocal interference microscope based on a four-port single-mode fibre coupler, Optik, 103, 45-48

D. 202. Gauderon R, Sheppard CJR (1998) Signal level in a confocal scanning microscope using step-index optical fibres, J. Mod. Opt., 45, 529-537

D. 208. Sharma MD and Sheppard CJR (1998) Axial resolution in the fibre-optical confocal microscope, Bioimaging, 6, 98-103

D. 221. Sharma MD and Sheppard CJR (1999) Effects of system geometry on the axial response of the fibre-optical confocal microscope, J. Mod. Opt. 46, 605-621

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3.5 Microscopy of electronic devices

C. 3. Sheppard CJR, Gannaway J, Walsh D, Wilson TA (1978) Scanning optical microscope for the inspection of electronic devices, IOP Conf. on Microelectronic Engineering, University of Cambridge, published in Microcircuit Engineering, ed. H Ahmed, WC Nixon, CUP, 1980, pp. 447- 454.

First high-resolution OBIC images.

C. 5. Wilson T, Gannaway JN, Sheppard CJR (1980) Scanning optical microscopy of semiconductor devices, Rank Prize Funds Int. Symp. on Scanned Image Microscopy, in Scanned Image Microscopy, Academic Press, E. A. Ash, ed., pp. 227-232.

D. 70. Wilson T, Sheppard CJR (1986) Observations of dislocations and junction

irregularities in bipolar transistors using the OBIC mode of the scanning optical microscope, Sol. State Elec. 29, 1189-1194

D. 78. Sheppard CJR (1989) Scanning optical microscopy of semiconductor materials and devices, Scanning Microscopy '87, Hamilton, Ontario,May 1987, Scanning microscopy 3, 15-24.

C. 12. Wilson T, Sheppard CJR (1991) Scanning optical microscopy of microelectronic devices, in Analysis of Microelectronic Materials and Devices, M. Grassbauer and H.W. Werner, eds. Wiley pp. 791-810. ISBN 0 471 91713 3

E.48. Sheppard CJR (1995) Laser microscopy of electronic devices, International Conference on Optical Diagnostics of Materials and Devices for Opto- Micro- and Quantum Electronics, Kiev, 10-13 May 1995, Proc. SPIE 2648, 545-547

3.6 Acoustic microscopy

D. 33. Sheppard CJR, Wilson T (1981) Effects of high angles of convergence on V(z) in the scanning acoustic microscope, App. Phys. Lett. 38, 858-859.

“An investigation is made of the effects of using high numerical aperture acoustic lenses on the V(z) response in acoustic microscopy. Theoretical results are presented for a perfectly reflecting object in an aplanatic system and show marked differences from paraxial predictions. This suggests that for accurate determination of surface elastic parameters the effects of high angles of convergence should be taken into account.”

Reproduced in SPIE Milestone Series MS-53, Selected reprints on Acoustic microscopy, BT Khuri-Yakub and CF Quate, eds. ISBN 0-8194-0981-2, pp 102-103

D.56. Cox IJ, Sheppard CJR (1984) Imaging in a scanning photoacoustic microscope, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 76, 513-515.

3.7 Electron optics

F. 2. Sheppard CJR (1973) A reflection scanning electron diffractometer and its application to the oxidation of metals, Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Cambridge, unpublished, 164pp.

D. 1. Sheppard CJR, Ahmed H (1972) An ultra-high vacuum scanning electron diffraction system, Vacuum 22, 567-570.

D. 5. Sheppard, CJR, Ahmed H (1976) Scanning electron diffraction and its application to the oxidation of iron, Corrosion Science 16, 819-836.

D. 6. Sheppard CJR, Ahmed H (1976) The analysis of scan coils for scanning electron diffraction, Optik 44, 139-151.

E1. Sheppard CJR, Ahmed H (1972) An UHV reflection scanning electron diffraction system, Proceedings of Conference on Vacuum Instruments and Methods in Surface Studies, British Vacuum Council pp.133-137.

E.2. Sheppard CJR, Ahmed H (1974) Scanning electron diffraction, Proceedings of Conference on Physical Methods of Surface Study in Corrosion, University of Surrey.

CJR Sheppard

04/20/04