4. Microscope imaging
4.1 Microscope imaging
4.1 Microscope imaging
C.
2. Sheppard CJR, Wilson T, Gannaway JN (1978) Image formation in
scanning microscopes, ICO -11, Madrid, September 1978, in Optica Hoy
y Mañana, J Bescos, A Hidalgo, L Plaza, J Santamaria, eds. Sociedad
Española de Optica, Madrid, pp. 211-214. ISBN 84 600 1317 0
D.
8. Sheppard CJR (1977) The use of lenses with annular aperture in
scanning optical microscopy, Optik 48, 329-334.
D. 10. Sheppard CJR, Choudhury A
(1977) Image formation in the scanning microscope, Optica Acta
24, 1051-1073.
First published
theory of confocal microscopy.
First paper to
use the term "confocal microscope":
“It is
shown that there are two geometries of the (scanning) microscope, which
have been designated Type 1 and Type2. Those of Type 1 exhibit identical
imaging to the conventional microscope, whereas those of Type 2 (confocal
microscopes) display various differences. ... It is found that Type
2 microscopes have improved imaging properties over conventional
microscopes and that these may be further improved by use of one or two
lenses with annular pupils.”
New Oxford
Dictionary of English:
confocal
microscope:
“denoting or
using a microscope whose imaging system only collects light
from a small
spot on the specimen, giving greater resolution.”
D.
12. Sheppard CJR, Wilson T (1978) Image formation in scanning
microscopes with partially coherent source and detector, Optica Acta
25, 315-325.
D.
16. Sheppard CJR, Choudhury A (1978) The image of a bar-pattern in the
scanning microscope, Optik 51, 361-368.
D.
17. Sheppard CJR, Wilson T (1978) Depth of field in the scanning
microscope, Optics Letts. 3, 115-117.
D. 20. Sheppard CJR, Wilson T (1978)
The theory of scanning microscopes with Gaussian pupil functions, J.
Microscopy 114, 179-197.
D.
24. Sheppard CJR, Wilson T (1979) Imaging properties of annular lenses,
Appl. Opt. 18, 3764-3769.
D. 30. Sheppard CJR, Wilson T (1980)
Image formation in confocal scanning microscopes, Optik 55,
331-342.
D.
31. Sheppard CJR, Wilson T (1980) Multiple traversing of the object in
the scanning microscope, Optica Acta 27, 611-624.
E.9. Sheppard CJR, Wilson T (1980)
Image formation in confocal optical systems, Int. Optical Computing
Conference, Washington DC, Proc. SPIE 232, 197-202.
D.
34. Sheppard CJR, Wilson T (1981) The theory of the direct-view confocal
microscope, J. Microsc. 124, 107-117.
D.
39. Cox IJ, Sheppard CJR, Wilson T (1982) Improvement in resolution by
nearly confocal microscopy, Appl. Opt. 21, 778-781.
D. 40. Cox IJ, Sheppard CJR, Wilson T
(1982) Super-resolution by confocal fluorescent microscopy, Optik
60, 391-396.
Reproduced in
SPIE Milestone Series MS-131, Selected reprints on Confocal microscopy,
BR Masters, ed. ISBN 0-8194-2376-6, pp 178-181
D. 45. Sheppard CJR, Hamilton DK, Cox,
IJ (1983) Optical microscopy with extended depth of field, Proc. R.
Soc. Lond. A 387, 171-186.
“A method is
described that allows depth of field in optical microscopy to be
extended, in principle without limit, while high-resolution,
diffraction-limited imaging is retained. Experimentally, an extension of
more than two orders of magnitude has been achieved. The images are
found to be of high optical quality, and this is born out by theoretical
predictions. The resolution is shown theoretically to be similar to that
in a conventional microscope of the same numerical aperture, and for
some criteria an improvement is obtained.”
Presents the
defocused coherent transfer function for a confocal reflection
microscope.
D.
50. Sheppard CJR (1984) Intensity at the edge in the image of a straight
edge with full illumination, Optik 66, 191-194.
D.
51. Sheppard CJR, Cox IJ, Hamilton DK (1984) Edge detection in
micrometrology with nearly confocal microscopy, Appl. Opt. 23,
657-658.
D. 52. Sheppard CJR, Hamilton DK (1984)
Edge enhancement by defocusing of confocal images, Optica Acta
31, 723-727.
D. 53. Sheppard CJR (1984) Optical
resolution and the spatial frequency cut-off, Optik 66,
311-315.
E.14. Sheppard CJR, Cox IJ (1985)
Resolution of scanned optical systems, Image Science '85, Helsinki June
1985, Acta Polytechnica Scandinavica, Appl. Phys. Ser. 149,
279-281.
D.
62. Sheppard CJR, Wilson,T (1986) On the equivalence of scanning and
conventional microscopes, Optik 78, 39-43.
D.
65. Sheppard CJR Wilson T (1986) Reciprocity and equivalence in scanning
microscopes, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 3, 755-756.
E.16. Sheppard CJR (1986) Optical sectioning in confocal microscopy, 19
Kolloquium Arbeitkreises für Elektronenmikroskopische Direktabbildung
und Analyse von Oberflächen, Aachen, 1986, Beitr. elektronenmikroskop.,
Direktabb., Oberfl. 19, 133-138.
D.
81. Sheppard CJR (1988) Depth of field in optical microscopy, J.
Microsc. 149, 73-75.
D.
88. Sheppard CJR (1989) Axial resolution of confocal fluorescence
microscopy,
J. Microsc. 154, 237-241.
D.
98. Sheppard CJR, Gu M (1991) Optical sectioning in confocal
microscopes with annular pupil, Optik 86, 169-172.
D. 114. Sheppard CJR, Gu M (1991)
Improvement of axial resolution in confocal microscopy using an annular
pupil, Opt. Commun. 84, 7-13.
D. 125. Sheppard
CJR, Gu M (1992) The edge-setting criterion in confocal microscopy.
Appl. Opt. 31, 4575-4577.
D. 127. Gu M,
Sheppard CJR (1992) Effects of annular pupils on confocal fluorescent
imaging, J. Mod. Opt. 39, 1883-1896.
D. 128. Wilson T, Hewlett SJ and
Sheppard CJR (1990) Use of objective lenses with slit pupil functions in
the imaging of line structures, Appl. Opt. 29, 4705-4714.
D. 134. Gu M,
Sheppard CJR, Zhou H (1993) Optimization of axial resolution in confocal
imaging using annular pupils, Optik 93, 87-90.
D. 140. Gu M, Sheppard
CJR (1994) Effects of defocus and primary spherical aberration on images
of a straight edge in confocal microscopy, Applied Optics 33,
625-630.
D. 152. Gan XS,
Sheppard CJR (1993) Imaging in a confocal microscope with one circular
and one annular lens, Opt. Commun.103, 254-264.
D. 156. Gu M, Tannous
T, Sheppard CJR (1994) Improved axial resolution in confocal fluorecence
microscopy using annular pupils, Opt. Commun. 110,
533-539.
D. 157. Sheppard CJR,
Gu M (1994) Imaging performance of confocal fluorescence microscopes
with finite-sized source J. Mod. Opt. 41, 1521-1530.
D. 159. Zhou H, Gu M, Sheppard CJR
(1995) Investigation of aberration measurement in confocal microscopy
J. Mod. Opt., 42,627-638
D. 160. Zhou H, Gu M, Sheppard CJR
(1994) Confocal interference microscopy: a difference between dry and
immersion lenses, Optik 97, 94-100.
D. 173. Sheppard CJR (1995) Transport
equations for confocal imaging, Optik, 11, 141-142
D. 177. Gu M, Tannous
T, Sheppard CJR (1996) Effect of numerical aperture and annular pupil on
confocal imaging through highly-scattering media Opt. Lett..21,
312-314
D. 235. Sheppard CJR,
Aguilar JF (2000) Electromagnetic imaging in the confocal microscope,
Opt. Commun. 180, 1-8
D. 249. Sheppard CJR, Sharma MD
Integrated intensity, and imaging through scattering media, J. Mod.
Opt., 48, 1517-1525
D. 268. Cox G,
Sheppard CJR (2004) Practical limits of resolution in confocal and
non-linear microscopy, Microscopy Research and Technique, 63,
18-22
D.
104. Sheppard CJR, Cogswell CJ, Gu M (1991) Signal strength and noise in
confocal microscopy: factors influencing selection of an optimum
detector aperture, Scanning 13, 233-240.
D. 116. Sheppard CJR (1991) Stray light
and noise in confocal microscopy, Micron and Microscopia Acta 22,
239-243.
E.30. Sheppard CJR,
Gu M, Roy M (1992) Signal strength and its effects on processing of
confocal images, Proc. SPIE 1660, 243-249
D.131. Sheppard
CJR, Gu M, Roy M (1992) Signal to noise ratio in confocal microscope
systems, J.Microscopy, 168, 209-218.
D. 151. Gan XS and
Sheppard CJR (1993) Detectability: A new criterion for evaluation of the
confocal microscope, Scanning 15, 187-192.
